模2n加与模2加相对结合律相容程度的分析

模2n加和模2加是密码算法设计中经常使用的两个编码环节,二者对于结合律的相容程度是指改变二者形成的混合等式中两个变量的运算顺序所造成的误差大小.本文研究了模2n加与模2加相对于结合律的相容程度,给出了在改变[(χ(+)y)+z]mod 2n的运算顺序时,产生的噪声函数ξ(x,y,z)=[(x(+)y)+nz](+)[x(+)(y+nz)]在各点取值的概率分布规律,以及对噪声函数所有取值点的概率值平方求和的计算公式.这些结论在区分攻击中有一定的应用价值.     

某微型车的噪声分析及进气消声器的应用

通过整车车外噪声分离实验和发动机台架声强实验,发现造成某型车外加速噪声偏高的主要噪声源是其发动机的进气噪声。在对发动机进气噪声进行频谱分析后,得出了构成进气噪声的主要频率成份,在此分析的基础上设计了一种亥姆赫兹(Helmholtz)共振式进气消声器。安装进气消声器后,根据国家相关标准进行了发动机台架实验和整车车外加速噪声实验,结果表明进气噪声得到有效控制,从而使整车车外加速噪声降噪声量达6 6dB(A)。     

RDWT和NVF的自适应彩色图像水印算法

提出一种基于冗余小波(RDWT:Redundant Wavelet Transform)和噪声可见度函数(NVF:Noise Visibility Function)的彩色图像水印嵌入新算法,该算法利用主体图像的稳态广义Gaussian模型描述图像的局部特性,建立了水印信息的加权系数计算公式。在水印嵌入过程中先对主图像在YIQ空间的Y分量进行RDWT变换。同时利用NVF函数对经过加密变换的水印进行加权处理,然后利用奇异值分解将水印嵌入到变换域复杂纹理和边缘区域。实验结果表明该算法在保证水印不可见性的同时能很好地抵抗多种几何攻击和图像处理攻击,实现了水印鲁棒性、不可见性和容量的统一。     

噪声干扰下雷达目标检测概率计算模型研究

针对雷达自身性能和干扰因素对雷达目标检测概率的影响,分析了噪声干扰情况下检测概率同干扰机有效功率、干扰机位置之间的关系,联合雷达的最大作用距离、工作频率等性能参数,得到了噪声干扰情况下雷达检测概率的表达式。并运用秩K法则,得到了噪声干扰下雷达网综合检测概率的表达式,解决了噪声干扰下雷达网检测概率的确定问题。仿真结果验证了模型和方法的有效性。     

潜艇自航发射鱼雷的若干问题

潜艇自航发射鱼雷可以降低发射过程的辐射噪声,有利于提高发射艇的安全性。通过分析自航发射需具备的基本条件、现有533mm口径潜艇鱼雷发射管实现自航发射的可能性、后端补水的自航发射、有动力后端补水的自航发射等几个问题,得出了533mm口径的潜艇鱼雷发射管不可能实现自航发射的结论。另外,对降低潜艇发射鱼雷时的出管速度给鱼雷和发射艇带来的风险作了分析,得出了为保证潜艇发射鱼雷时的安全不能随意降低鱼雷出管速度的结论。     

激光成像自动对焦系统的散斑噪声滤波算法

针对激光主动探测成像的散斑（Speckle）噪声影响自动对焦系统的清晰度评价函数曲线,从而影响对焦性能的问题,提出一种多方向线型加权形态滤波方法。实验证明：基于该方法构造的滤波器明显改善了激光图像清晰度评价曲线（即自动对焦曲线）的形状,降低了误对焦率,提高了自动对焦系统的稳定性。     

高灵敏度GPS软件接收机捕获算法

针对传统方法难以实现室内环境下GPS信号的捕获以及传统弱信号捕获算法的一系列弊端,介绍了一种新的捕获算法。由于数据段通过“先累加后相关”的方式进行相干积分可以减少运算量,以此方法改进的半位捕获法进行数据段选择可以避免导航数据位翻转,并且改进后的差分相干积分能够减小非相干积分造成的“平方损失”和改善信噪比,融合上述优点,提出了一种新的算法,为高灵敏度GPS软件接收机的实现提供了保证。仿真结果表明,此算法极大的提高了接收机的捕获性能,并且能够快速捕获到载噪比低至25dB/Hz的微弱信号。     

面元法的红外制导图像边缘检测

红外图像通常存在着噪声大、目标和背景之间具有较小的灰度差、边缘较模糊的特点,使现有的方法不能有效地提取红外图像的边缘。而图像的表面积特征能较好地针对红外图像的这些特征提取出边缘,因此利用图像的表面积特征提出了一种实用的面元边缘检测法。在对图像灰度值变化情况进行分析的基础上,使用了一种十字面积计算公式以满足边缘检测的需要。通过噪声误差对面元法和梯度法计算结果的影响分别进行分析,发现面元法比梯度法的噪声抑制能力至少高两倍,而且在边缘处的噪声抑制能力更高。将面元法几种常用模板算子法的红外图像边缘检测结果进行实际对比后发现,所提出的面元法对红外图像的目标边缘检测能取得良好的结果。     

Signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio estimation for wireless communication systems: Methods and analysis

The Signal‐to‐Interference‐plus‐Noise Ratio (SINR) is an important metric of wireless communication link quality. SINR estimates have several important applications. These include optimizing the transmit power level for a target quality of service, assisting with handoff decisions and dynamically adapting the data rate for wireless Internet applications. Accurate SINR estimation provides for both a more efficient system and a higher user‐perceived quality of service. In this paper, we develop new SINR estimators and compare their mean squared error (MSE) performance. We show that our new estimators dominate estimators that have previously appeared in the literature with respect to MSE. The sequence of transmitted bits in wireless communication systems consists of both pilot bits (which are known both to the transmitter and receiver) and user bits (which are known only by the transmitter). The SINR estimators we consider alternatively depend exclusively on pilot bits, exclusively on user bits, or simultaneously use both pilot and user bits. In addition, we consider estimators that utilize smoothing and feedback mechanisms. Smoothed estimators are motivated by the fact that the interference component of the SINR changes relatively slowly with time, typically with the addition or departure of a user to the system. Feedback estimators are motivated by the fact that receivers typically decode bits correctly with a very high probability, and therefore user bits can be thought of as quasipilot bits. For each estimator discussed, we derive an exact or approximate formula for its MSE. Satterthwaite approximations, noncentral F distributions (singly and doubly) and distribution theory of quadratic forms are the key statistical tools used in developing the MSE formulas. In the case of approximate MSE formulas, we validate their accuracy using simulation techniques. The approximate MSE formulas, of interest in their own right for comparing the quality of the estimators, are also used for optimally combining estimators. In particular, we derive optimal weights for linearly combining an estimator based on pilot bits with an estimator based on user bits. The optimal weights depend on the MSE of the two estimators being combined, and thus the accurate approximate MSE formulas can conveniently be used. The optimal weights also depend on the unknown SINR, and therefore need to be estimated in order to construct a useable combined estimator. The impact on the MSE of the combined estimator due to estimating the weights is examined. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004     

Electronic warfare in the optical band: Main features,examples and selected measurement data

The paper presents the possibilities of, and methods for, acquiring, analysing and processing optical signals in order to recognise, identify and counteract threats on the contemporary battleground. The main ways electronic warfare is waged in the optical band of the electromagnetic wave spectrum have been formulated, including the acquisition of optical emitter signatures, as well as ultraviolet (UV) and thermal (IR) signatures. The physical parameters and values describing the emission of laser radiation are discussed, including their importance in terms of creating optical signatures. Moreover, it has been shown that in the transformation of optical signals into signatures, only their spectral and temporal parameters can be applied. This was confirmed in experimental part of the paper, which includes our own measurements of spectral and temporal emission characteristics for three types of binocular laser rangefinders. It has been further shown that through simple registration and quick analysis involving comparison of emission time parameters in the case of UV signatures in “solar-blind” band, various events can be identified quickly and faultlessly. The same is true for IR signatures, where the amplitudes of the recorded signal for several wavelengths are compared. This was confirmed experimentally for UV signatures by registering and then analyzing signals from several events during military exercises at a training ground, namely Rocket Propelled Grenade (RPG) launches and explosions after hitting targets, trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosions, firing armour-piercing, fin-stabilised, discarding sabots (APFSDS) or high explosive (HE) projectiles. The final section describes a proposed model database of emitters, created as a result of analysing and transforming the recorded signals into optical signatures.